This paper takes a observationally-based approach to the evolving galaxy population. We introduce a new formalism to examine the differential effects of mass and Mpc-scale environment on the fraction of galaxies that have been quenched at a given mass and in a
given environment.

Most astrophysical bodies including planets, stars and nearby galaxies are magnetized but the origin of such fields is unknown. Here, a scenario is proposed in which the magnetization of cosmic space is caused by relativistic charged particles (CR for cosmic-rays) produced by Supernova explosion of the first generation of massive stars.